LPIC-2 Exam 201 and 202 Objectives

Exam Objectives Version: 4.5

Exam Code: 201-450, 202-450

About Objective Weights: Each objective is assigned a weighting value. The weights indicate the relative importance of each objective on the exam. Objectives with higher weights will be covered in the exam with more questions.

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1 Overview of Tasks
2 Exams
3 Version Information
4 Addenda
- 4.1 Version Update (February 13th, 2017)
5 Translations of Objectives
6 Objectives: Exam 201
7 Objectives: Exam 202
8 Future Change Considerations

Overview of Tasks

These are required exams for LPI certification Level 2. It covers advanced skills for the Linux professional that are common across all distributions of Linux. Also, LPIC-1 must be obtained in order to receive the certification. Exams may be taken in any order but all of the requirements must be met.

To pass LPIC-2, the candidate should be able to:

Administer a small to medium-sized site.
Plan, implement, maintain, keep consistent, secure, and troubleshoot a small mixed (MS, Linux) network, including a:
- LAN server (Samba, NFS, DNS, DHCP, client management).
- Internet Gateway (firewall, VPN, SSH, web cache/proxy, mail).
- Internet Server (web server and reverse proxy, FTP server).
Supervise assistants.
Advise management on automation and purchases.

Exams

In order to be certified LPIC-2, the candidate must pass both the 201 and 202 exams and be a holder of an active LPIC-1 certification.

Version Information

These objectives are version 4.5.0. This version is to go live on February 13th, 2017.

This is also a summary and detailed information on the changes from version 4.0.x to 4.5.0 of the objectives.

The version 4.0 of the LPIC-2 Objectives are still online.

Addenda

Version Update (February 13th, 2017)

updated to version 4.5.0

Translations of Objectives

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

English

Spanish

French

German

Portuguese

If you would like to help translating the objectives, please contact Fabian

Objectives: Exam 201

Topic 200: Capacity Planning

200.1 Measure and Troubleshoot Resource Usage (weight: 6)

Weight	6
Description	Candidates should be able to measure hardware resource and network bandwidth, identify and troubleshoot resource problems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Measure CPU usage.

Measure memory usage.

Measure disk I/O.

Measure network I/O.

Measure firewalling and routing throughput.

Map client bandwidth usage.

Match / correlate system symptoms with likely problems.

Estimate throughput and identify bottlenecks in a system including networking.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

iostat

iotop

vmstat

netstat

iptraf

pstree, ps

lsof

htop

uptime

swap

processes blocked on I/O

blocks in

blocks out

200.2 Predict Future Resource Needs (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to monitor resource usage to predict future resource needs.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Use monitoring and measurement tools to monitor IT infrastructure usage.

Predict capacity break point of a configuration.

Observe growth rate of capacity usage.

Graph the trend of capacity usage.

Awareness of monitoring solutions such as Icinga2, Nagios, collectd, MRTG and Cacti

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

diagnose

predict growth

resource exhaustion

Topic 201: Linux Kernel

201.1 Kernel components (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to utilise kernel components that are necessary to specific hardware, hardware drivers, system resources and requirements. This objective includes implementing different types of kernel images, understanding stable and longterm kernels and patches, as well as using kernel modules.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Kernel 2.6.x, 3.x and 4.x documentation

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/usr/src/linux/

/usr/src/linux/Documentation/

zImage

bzImage

xz compression

201.2 Compiling a Linux kernel (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to properly configure a kernel to include or disable specific features of the Linux kernel as necessary. This objective includes compiling and recompiling the Linux kernel as needed, updating and noting changes in a new kernel, creating an initrd image and installing new kernels.

Key Knowledge Areas:

/usr/src/linux/

Kernel Makefiles

Kernel 2.6.x, 3.x and 4.x make targets

Customize the current kernel configuration.

Build a new kernel and appropriate kernel modules.

Install a new kernel and any modules.

Ensure that the boot manager can locate the new kernel and associated files.

Module configuration files

Use DKMS to compile kernel modules.

Awareness of dracut

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

mkinitrd

mkinitramfs

make

make targets (all, config, xconfig, menuconfig, gconfig, oldconfig, mrproper, zImage, bzImage, modules, modules_install, rpm-pkg, binrpm-pkg, deb-pkg)

gzip

bzip2

module tools

/usr/src/linux/.config

/lib/modules/kernel-version/

depmod

dkms

201.3 Kernel runtime management and troubleshooting (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to manage and/or query a 2.6.x, 3.x or 4.x kernel and its loadable modules. Candidates should be able to identify and correct common boot and run time issues. Candidates should understand device detection and management using udev. This objective includes troubleshooting udev rules.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Use command-line utilities to get information about the currently running kernel and kernel modules.

Manually load and unload kernel modules.

Determine when modules can be unloaded.

Determine what parameters a module accepts.

Configure the system to load modules by names other than their file name.

/proc filesystem

Content of /, /boot/ , and /lib/modules/

Tools and utilities to analyse information about the available hardware

udev rules

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep

module configuration files in /etc/

/proc/sys/kernel/

/sbin/depmod

/sbin/rmmod

/sbin/modinfo

/bin/dmesg

/sbin/lspci

/usr/bin/lsdev

/sbin/lsmod

/sbin/modprobe

/sbin/insmod

/bin/uname

/usr/bin/lsusb

/etc/sysctl.conf, /etc/sysctl.d/

/sbin/sysctl

udevmonitor

udevadm monitor

/etc/udev/

Topic 202: System Startup

202.1 Customizing system startup (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to query and modify the behaviour of system services at various targets / run levels. A thorough understanding of the systemd, SysV Init and the Linux boot process is required. This objective includes interacting with systemd targets and SysV init run levels.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Systemd

SysV init

Linux Standard Base Specification (LSB)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/usr/lib/systemd/

/etc/systemd/

/run/systemd/

systemctl

systemd-delta

/etc/inittab

/etc/init.d/

/etc/rc.d/

chkconfig

update-rc.d

init and telinit

202.2 System recovery (weight: 4)

Weight

Description

Candidates should be able to properly manipulate a Linux system during both the boot process and during recovery mode. This objective includes using both the init utility and init-related kernel options. Candidates should be able to determine the cause of errors in loading and usage of bootloaders. GRUB version 2 and GRUB Legacy are the bootloaders of interest. Both BIOS and UEFI systems are covered.

Key Knowledge Areas:

BIOS and UEFI

NVMe booting

GRUB version 2 and Legacy

grub shell

boot loader start and hand off to kernel

kernel loading

hardware initialisation and setup

daemon/service initialisation and setup

Know the different boot loader install locations on a hard disk or removable device.

Overwrite standard boot loader options and using boot loader shells.

Use systemd rescue and emergency modes.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

mount

fsck

inittab, telinit and init with SysV init

The contents of /boot/, /boot/grub/ and /boot/efi/

EFI System Partition (ESP)

GRUB

grub-install

efibootmgr

UEFI shell

initrd, initramfs

Master boot record

systemctl

202.3 Alternate Bootloaders (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be aware of other bootloaders and their major features.

Key Knowledge Areas:

SYSLINUX, ISOLINUX, PXELINUX

Understanding of PXE for both BIOS and UEFI

Awareness of systemd-boot and U-Boot

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

syslinux

extlinux

isolinux.bin

isolinux.cfg

isohdpfx.bin

efiboot.img

pxelinux.0

pxelinux.cfg/

uefi/shim.efi

uefi/grubx64.efi

Topic 203: Filesystem and Devices

203.1 Operating the Linux filesystem (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to properly configure and navigate the standard Linux filesystem. This objective includes configuring and mounting various filesystem types.

Key Knowledge Areas:

The concept of the fstab configuration

Tools and utilities for handling swap partitions and files

Use of UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems

Understanding of systemd mount units

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/fstab

/etc/mtab

/proc/mounts

mount and umount

blkid

sync

swapon

swapoff

203.2 Maintaining a Linux filesystem (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to properly maintain a Linux filesystem using system utilities. This objective includes manipulating standard filesystems and monitoring SMART devices.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Tools and utilities to manipulate and ext2, ext3 and ext4

Tools and utilities to perform basic Btrfs operations, including subvolumes and snapshots

Tools and utilities to manipulate XFS

Awareness of ZFS

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

mkfs (mkfs.*)

mkswap

fsck (fsck.*)

tune2fs, dumpe2fs and debugfs

btrfs, btrfs-convert

xfs_info, xfs_check, xfs_repair, xfsdump and xfsrestore

smartd, smartctl

203.3 Creating and configuring filesystem options (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure automount filesystems using AutoFS. This objective includes configuring automount for network and device filesystems. Also included is creating filesystems for devices such as CD-ROMs and a basic feature knowledge of encrypted filesystems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

autofs configuration files

Understanding of automount units

UDF and ISO9660 tools and utilities

Awareness of other CD-ROM filesystems (HFS)

Awareness of CD-ROM filesystem extensions (Joliet, Rock Ridge, El Torito)

Basic feature knowledge of data encryption (dm-crypt / LUKS)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/auto.master

/etc/auto.[dir]

mkisofs

cryptsetup

Topic 204: Advanced Storage Device Administration

204.1 Configuring RAID (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to configure and implement software RAID. This objective includes using and configuring RAID 0, 1 and 5.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Software RAID configuration files and utilities

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

mdadm.conf

mdadm

/proc/mdstat

partition type 0xFD

204.2 Adjusting Storage Device Access (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure kernel options to support various drives. This objective includes software tools to view & modify hard disk settings including iSCSI devices.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Tools and utilities to configure DMA for IDE devices including ATAPI and SATA

Tools and utilities to configure Solid State Drives including AHCI and NVMe

Tools and utilities to manipulate or analyse system resources (e.g. interrupts)

Awareness of sdparm command and its uses

Tools and utilities for iSCSI

Awareness of SAN, including relevant protocols (AoE, FCoE)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

hdparm, sdparm

nvme

tune2fs

fstrim

sysctl

/dev/hd*, /dev/sd*, /dev/nvme*

iscsiadm, scsi_id, iscsid and iscsid.conf

WWID, WWN, LUN numbers

204.3 Logical Volume Manager (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to create and remove logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes. This objective includes snapshots and resizing logical volumes.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Tools in the LVM suite

Resizing, renaming, creating, and removing logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes

Creating and maintaining snapshots

Activating volume groups

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/sbin/pv*

/sbin/lv*

/sbin/vg*

mount

/dev/mapper/

lvm.conf

Topic 205: Networking Configuration

205.1 Basic networking configuration (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a network device to be able to connect to a local, wired or wireless, and a wide-area network. This objective includes being able to communicate between various subnets within a single network including both IPv4 and IPv6 networks.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces

Configuring basic access to wireless networks

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ifconfig

route

iwconfig

iwlist

205.2 Advanced Network Configuration (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a network device to implement various network authentication schemes. This objective includes configuring a multi-homed network device and resolving communication problems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Utilities to manipulate routing tables

Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces

Utilities to analyse the status of the network devices

Utilities to monitor and analyse the TCP/IP traffic

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ifconfig

route

netstat

lsof

ping, ping6

tcpdump

nmap

205.3 Troubleshooting network issues (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to identify and correct common network setup issues, to include knowledge of locations for basic configuration files and commands.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Location and content of access restriction files

Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces

Utilities to manage routing tables

Utilities to list network states.

Utilities to gain information about the network configuration

Methods of information about the recognised and used hardware devices

System initialisation files and their contents (Systemd and SysV init)

Awareness of NetworkManager and its impact on network configuration

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ifconfig

route

netstat

/etc/network/, /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/

ping, ping6

traceroute, traceroute6

hostname

System log files such as /var/log/syslog, /var/log/messages and the systemd journal

dmesg

/etc/resolv.conf

/etc/hosts

/etc/hostname, /etc/HOSTNAME

/etc/hosts.allow, /etc/hosts.deny

Topic 206: System Maintenance

206.1 Make and install programs from source (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to build and install an executable program from source. This objective includes being able to unpack a file of sources.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Unpack source code using common compression and archive utilities.

Understand basics of invoking make to compile programs.

Apply parameters to a configure script.

Know where sources are stored by default.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/usr/src/

gunzip

gzip

bzip2

configure

make

uname

install

patch

206.2 Backup operations (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to use system tools to back up important system data.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Knowledge about directories that have to be included in backups

Awareness of network backup solutions such as Amanda, Bacula, Bareos and BackupPC

Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of tapes, CDR, disk or other backup media

Perform partial and manual backups.

Verify the integrity of backup files.

Partially or fully restore backups.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/bin/sh

/dev/st* and /dev/nst*

rsync

206.3 Notify users on system-related issues (weight: 1)

Weight	1
Description	Candidates should be able to notify the users about current issues related to the system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Automate communication with users through logon messages.

Inform active users of system maintenance

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/issue

/etc/issue.net

/etc/motd

wall

shutdown

systemctl

Objectives: Exam 202

Topic 207: Domain Name Server

207.1 Basic DNS server configuration (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to configure BIND to function as an authoritative and as a recursive, caching-only DNS server. This objective includes the ability to manage a running server and configuring logging.

Key Knowledge Areas:

BIND 9.x configuration files, terms and utilities

Defining the location of the BIND zone files in BIND configuration files

Reloading modified configuration and zone files

Awareness of dnsmasq, djbdns and PowerDNS as alternate name servers

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/named.conf

/var/named/

rndc

named-checkconf

kill

host

207.2 Create and maintain DNS zones (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to create a zone file for a forward or reverse zone and hints for root level servers. This objective includes setting appropriate values for records, adding hosts in zones and adding zones to the DNS. A candidate should also be able to delegate zones to another DNS server.

Key Knowledge Areas:

BIND 9 configuration files, terms and utilities

Utilities to request information from the DNS server

Layout, content and file location of the BIND zone files

Various methods to add a new host in the zone files, including reverse zones

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/var/named/

zone file syntax

resource record formats

named-checkzone

named-compilezone

masterfile-format

nslookup

host

207.3 Securing a DNS server (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a DNS server to run as a non-root user and run in a chroot jail. This objective includes secure exchange of data between DNS servers.

Key Knowledge Areas:

BIND 9 configuration files

Configuring BIND to run in a chroot jail

Split configuration of BIND using the forwarders statement

Configuring and using transaction signatures (TSIG)

Awareness of DNSSEC and basic tools

Awareness of DANE and related records

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/named.conf

/etc/passwd

DNSSEC

dnssec-keygen

dnssec-signzone

Topic 208: HTTP Services

208.1 Basic Apache configuration (weight: 4)

Weight

Description

Candidates should be able to install and configure a web server. This objective includes monitoring the server's load and performance, restricting client user access, configuring support for scripting languages as modules and setting up client user authentication. Also included is configuring server options to restrict usage of resources. Candidates should be able to configure a web server to use virtual hosts and customize file access.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Apache 2.4 configuration files, terms and utilities

Apache log files configuration and content

Access restriction methods and files

mod_perl and PHP configuration

Client user authentication files and utilities

Configuration of maximum requests, minimum and maximum servers and clients

Apache 2.4 virtual host implementation (with and without dedicated IP addresses)

Using redirect statements in Apache's configuration files to customize file access

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

access logs and error logs

.htaccess

httpd.conf

mod_auth_basic, mod_authz_host and mod_access_compat

htpasswd

AuthUserFile, AuthGroupFile

apachectl, apache2ctl

httpd, apache2

208.2 Apache configuration for HTTPS (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a web server to provide HTTPS.

Key Knowledge Areas:

SSL configuration files, tools and utilities

Generate a server private key and CSR for a commercial CA

Generate a self-signed Certificate

Install the key and certificate, including intermediate CAs

Configure Virtual Hosting using SNI

Awareness of the issues with Virtual Hosting and use of SSL

Security issues in SSL use, disable insecure protocols and ciphers

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Apache2 configuration files

/etc/ssl/, /etc/pki/

openssl, CA.pl

SSLEngine, SSLCertificateKeyFile, SSLCertificateFile

SSLCACertificateFile, SSLCACertificatePath

SSLProtocol, SSLCipherSuite, ServerTokens, ServerSignature, TraceEnable

208.3 Implementing Squid as a caching proxy (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to install and configure a proxy server, including access policies, authentication and resource usage.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Squid 3.x configuration files, terms and utilities

Access restriction methods

Client user authentication methods

Layout and content of ACL in the Squid configuration files

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

squid.conf

http_access

208.4 Implementing Nginx as a web server and a reverse proxy (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to install and configure a reverse proxy server, Nginx. Basic configuration of Nginx as a HTTP server is included.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Nginx

Reverse Proxy

Basic Web Server

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/nginx/

nginx

Topic 209: File Sharing

209.1 Samba Server Configuration (weight: 5)

Weight	5
Description	Candidates should be able to set up a Samba server for various clients. This objective includes setting up Samba as a standalone server as well as integrating Samba as a member in an Active Directory. Furthermore, the configuration of simple CIFS and printer shares is covered. Also covered is a configuring a Linux client to use a Samba server. Troubleshooting installations is also tested.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Samba 4 documentation

Samba 4 configuration files

Samba 4 tools and utilities and daemons

Mounting CIFS shares on Linux

Mapping Windows user names to Linux user names

User-Level, Share-Level and AD security

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

smbd, nmbd, winbindd

smbcontrol, smbstatus, testparm, smbpasswd, nmblookup

samba-tool

smbclient

mount.cifs

/etc/samba/

/var/log/samba/

209.2 NFS Server Configuration (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to export filesystems using NFS. This objective includes access restrictions, mounting an NFS filesystem on a client and securing NFS.

Key Knowledge Areas:

NFS version 3 configuration files

NFS tools and utilities

Access restrictions to certain hosts and/or subnets

Mount options on server and client

TCP Wrappers

Awareness of NFSv4

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/exports

exportfs

showmount

nfsstat

/proc/mounts

/etc/fstab

rpcinfo

mountd

portmapper

Topic 210: Network Client Management

210.1 DHCP configuration (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a DHCP server. This objective includes setting default and per client options, adding static hosts and BOOTP hosts. Also included is configuring a DHCP relay agent and maintaining the DHCP server.

Key Knowledge Areas:

DHCP configuration files, terms and utilities

Subnet and dynamically-allocated range setup

Awareness of DHCPv6 and IPv6 Router Advertisements

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

dhcpd.conf

dhcpd.leases

DHCP Log messages in syslog or systemd journal

dhcpd

radvd

radvd.conf

210.2 PAM authentication (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	The candidate should be able to configure PAM to support authentication using various available methods. This includes basic SSSD functionality.

Key Knowledge Areas:

PAM configuration files, terms and utilities

passwd and shadow passwords

Use sssd for LDAP authentication

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/pam.d/

pam.conf

nsswitch.conf

pam_unix, pam_cracklib, pam_limits, pam_listfile, pam_sss

sssd.conf

210.3 LDAP client usage (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to perform queries and updates to an LDAP server. Also included is importing and adding items, as well as adding and managing users.

Key Knowledge Areas:

LDAP utilities for data management and queries

Change user passwords

Querying the LDAP directory

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ldapsearch

ldappasswd

ldapadd

ldapdelete

210.4 Configuring an OpenLDAP server (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a basic OpenLDAP server including knowledge of LDIF format and essential access controls.

Key Knowledge Areas:

OpenLDAP

Directory based configuration

Access Control

Distinguished Names

Changetype Operations

Schemas and Whitepages

Directories

Object IDs, Attributes and Classes

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

slapd

slapd-config

LDIF

slapadd

slapcat

slapindex

/var/lib/ldap/

loglevel

Topic 211: E-Mail Services

211.1 Using e-mail servers (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to manage an e-mail server, including the configuration of e-mail aliases, e-mail quotas and virtual e-mail domains. This objective includes configuring internal e-mail relays and monitoring e-mail servers.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Configuration files for postfix

Basic TLS configuration for postfix

Basic knowledge of the SMTP protocol

Awareness of sendmail and exim

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Configuration files and commands for postfix

/etc/postfix/

/var/spool/postfix/

sendmail emulation layer commands

/etc/aliases

mail-related logs in /var/log/

211.2 Managing E-Mail Delivery (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to implement client e-mail management software to filter, sort and monitor incoming user e-mail.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understanding of Sieve functionality, syntax and operators

Use Sieve to filter and sort mail with respect to sender, recipient(s), headers and size

Awareness of procmail

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Conditions and comparison operators

keep, fileinto, redirect, reject, discard, stop

Dovecot vacation extension

211.3 Managing Mailbox Access (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to install and configure POP and IMAP daemons.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Dovecot IMAP and POP3 configuration and administration

Basic TLS configuration for Dovecot

Awareness of Courier

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/dovecot/

dovecot.conf

doveconf

doveadm

Topic 212: System Security

212.1 Configuring a router (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a system to forward IP packet and perform network address translation (NAT, IP masquerading) and state its significance in protecting a network. This objective includes configuring port redirection, managing filter rules and averting attacks.

Key Knowledge Areas:

iptables and ip6tables configuration files, tools and utilities

Tools, commands and utilities to manage routing tables.

Private address ranges (IPv4) and Unique Local Addresses as well as Link Local Addresses (IPv6)

Port redirection and IP forwarding

List and write filtering and rules that accept or block IP packets based on source or destination protocol, port and address

Save and reload filtering configurations

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/proc/sys/net/ipv4/

/proc/sys/net/ipv6/

/etc/services

iptables

ip6tables

212.2 Managing FTP servers (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure an FTP server for anonymous downloads and uploads. This objective includes precautions to be taken if anonymous uploads are permitted and configuring user access.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Configuration files, tools and utilities for Pure-FTPd and vsftpd

Awareness of ProFTPd

Understanding of passive vs. active FTP connections

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

vsftpd.conf

important Pure-FTPd command line options

212.3 Secure shell (SSH) (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to configure and secure an SSH daemon. This objective includes managing keys and configuring SSH for users. Candidates should also be able to forward an application protocol over SSH and manage the SSH login.

Key Knowledge Areas:

OpenSSH configuration files, tools and utilities

Managing and using server and client keys to login with and without password

Usage of multiple connections from multiple hosts to guard against loss of connection to remote host following configuration changes

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

sshd

/etc/ssh/sshd_config

/etc/ssh/

Private and public key files

PermitRootLogin, PubKeyAuthentication, AllowUsers, PasswordAuthentication, Protocol

212.4 Security tasks (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to receive security alerts from various sources, install, configure and run intrusion detection systems and apply security patches and bugfixes.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Tools and utilities to scan and test ports on a server

Locations and organisations that report security alerts as Bugtraq, CERT or other sources

Tools and utilities to implement an intrusion detection system (IDS)

Awareness of OpenVAS and Snort

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

telnet

nmap

fail2ban

iptables

212.5 OpenVPN (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a VPN (Virtual Private Network) and create secure point-to-point or site-to-site connections.

Key Knowledge Areas:

OpenVPN

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/openvpn/

openvpn

Future Change Considerations

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

Extend the amount of NetworkManager covered, i.e. including the CLI

lighttpd would have been too much coverage of web services. Perhaps reduce Apache next revision to make room.

host level IDS (tripwire, AIDE, etc) to be covered in future LPIC-1.

introduction (or more) to FreeIPA

add coverage of mod_security and mod_evasive to Apache HTTP (maybe as a separate topic: Web Application Firewall)

add coverage of a higher-level firewall package like firewalld or ufw

Reconsider mod_perl

Add firewall-cmd and /etc/firewalld/firewalld.conf related to firewalld to LPIC-2

Awareness of firewalld

Add nmcli and nmtui to LPIC-2

Full coverage of IPv6 auto configuration

Remove djbdns

Advanced shell scripting (sed -e, set -x, set -o, pipefail, PIPESTATUS, declare)

Filesystem quota (similar to the topic removed from LPIC-1)

Understanding of consistency in backups, e.g. for databases

Let's Encrypt for certification procurement

202.2: Reconsider NVMe booting

207.1: Consider dropping djbdns and consider unbound

207.1: /var/named/ is distro-specific

207.2: Remove creation of root.hints

207.2: Reconsider nslookup

207.3: Reconsider chroot

208.2: Remove CA.pl

208.2: Remove SNI specialties

208.2: Remove client certificate options

208.3: Reconsider the relevance of Squid

209.1: Remove Samba Share-Level security

209.1: Remove nmblookup

210.1: Remove arp

210.4: Aggregate Whitepages, schemas, classes etc.

212.2: Remove FTP

212.3: Remove Protocol

212.4: Remove bugtraq etc.

Remove paths to commands and configuration files wherever possible